ME SINTO MUITO FELIZ!!!!

SIM. ME SINTO MUITO FELIZ QUANDO VENHO AQUI, MESMO RAPIDINHO E ENCONTRO MUITOS AMIGOS MARAVILHOSOS, QUE FAZEM PARTE DE MINHA VIDA.

NÃO MEDEM ESFORÇOS PARA ESTAREM AQUI, TODAS AS MANHÃS, TODAS AS TARDES, TODAS AS NOITES.
É COM GRANDE PRAZER QUE RECEBO VOCÊ NESTA CASA.
FICO MUITO FELIZ COM A SUA PRESENÇA.
PEÇO DESCULPAS PELOS ATRASOS DAS VISITAS.
MAS COM O OLHO AINDA INCHADO, FICA COMPLICADO VISUALIZAR TODOS OS CAMINHOS RSRSRSRSRSRRSRSRSR.

MAS PROMETO IR SIM...E VOCÊ SABE QUE EU VOU..
ME DÊ SÓ MAIS UM TEMPINHO.
HOJE QUERO COMPARTILHAR ALGUNS CARINHOS AQUI DEIXADOS. SEI QUE TODOS SÃO IMPORTANTES.. TERIA QUE TER UM BLOG SÓ PARA ISSO. MAS, DAI ACHO, QUE EU NÃO DARIA CONTA DE MAIS UM, RSRSRSRSRSRRSR.

ANA!
http://anamgs.blogspot.com/
VOU POSTAR A SUA MENSAGEM MINHA LINDA IRMANZINHA.

Desejo que em sua vida...

Não exista cara feia,
Não exista bolso furado,
Não exista tempo apressado,
Muito menos grãos de areia.
Não exista tempo fechado,
Não exista problema dobrado,
Não exista sonho frustrado,
Muito menos amor acabado.
Não exista amigo esquecido,
Não exista negócio falido,
Não exista boato mexido,
Muito menos dinheiro sumido.
Não exista tempo nublado,
Não exista ambiente abafado,
Não exista corpo dobrado,
Muito menos bom senso abalado.
Não exista mágoa engolida,
Não exista emoção reprimida,
Não exista alma sofrida,
Muito menos felicidade perdida...
Só desejo que você seja feliz!!!

(Desconheço o autor).

DESEJO E DEDICO A TODOS ESTA LINDA MENSAGEM RECEBIDO.
VALEU AMIGA.http://anamgs.blogspot.com/

VENHA NAVEGAR COMIGO:

Poetas-Um Vôo Livre(AMOR)

Sinal de Liberdade-uma expressão de sentimento(AMOR)

Blog Coletivo-Uma Interação de Amigos(CONVERSAS)

Meus Mimos

( PRESENTES -QUE RECEBO E OFEREÇO)

UM SELO MUITO ESPECIAL QUE VEIO LÁ DO TOQUE DE AMOR.
CAIU CERTINHO PARA ESTE MOMENTO.
OBRIGADA
SANDRA
http://www.aotoquedoamor.blogspot.com/

OLA MEUS AMIGOS, TUDO BEM!!!

AS VEZES PRECISAMOS DESSAS VIRTUDES, PARA APRENDER UM POUCO MAIS COM A VIDA!!!
AGRADEÇO DESDE JÁ O SEU CARINHO..
MEU OLHO JÁ ESTÁ MELHORANDO. UM POUCO EMBASSADO, MAS TRANQUILO. ESTA ALERGIA VEIO BEM FORTE DESSA VEZ... SEI LÁ PORQUE ACONTECE.
MAS AOS POUQUINHOS VOU RETRIBUIR O SEU CARINHO
SANDRA


SAÚDE- PARA CONSEGUIRMOS REALIZAR TUDO O QUE TEMOS A REALIZAR... E SERMOS FELIZES...

SENSIBILIDADE
Para não ficar indiferente diante das belezas da vida.

CORAGEM
Para colocar a timidez de lado e poder realizar o que tem vontade.
SOLIDARIEDADE
Para não ficar neutro diante do sofrimento da humanidade.
BONDADE
Para não desviar os olhos de quem te pede uma ajuda.
TRANQUILIDADE
Para quando chegar ao fim do dia, poder deitar e dormir o sono dos anjos.
ALEGRIA
Para você distribuí-lá, colocando um sorriso no rosto de alguém.
HUMILDADE
Para você reconhecer aquilo que você não é.
AMOR PRÓPRIO
Para você perceber suas qualidades e gostar do que vê por dentro.
FÉ
Para te guiar, te sustentar e te manter de pé.

SINCERIDADE
Para você ser verdadeiro, gostar de você mesmo e viver melhor.
FELICIDADE
Para você descobri-lá dentro de você e doa-lá a quem precisar.
ESPERANÇA
Para fazer você acreditar na vida e se sentir uma eterna criança.
SABEDORIA
Para entender que só o Bem existe, o resto é ilusão.
ESTAS BELAS FRASES ENCONTREI NO BLOG DA RITINHA.
UMA GRANDE PESSOA, MARAVILHOSA..
http://pensamentosedeliriosdaritinha.blogspot.com/

The Grid in Your Head

According to a lovely new Nature paper combining fMRI imaging with animal experiments, the human brain encodes spatial information in the form of of a hexagonal grid - Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network.

If you've ever played Chinese checkers, you'll know what a hex grid is. It's already known that in rats, the entorhinal cortex of the brain contains "grid cells", each of which fires according to where in a certain place the rat is. The diagram above left shows how one example grid cell fires more often when the rat is in certain places in a 1m x 1m box.

Doeller et al wanted to test whether grid cells exist in humans, but being unable to just stick electrodes in people's heads, they made use of two useful facts about rat grid cells. First, the orientation of the grid is fixed in all the cells in each particular rat, although each cell prefers different locations, i.e. the "grids" are offset, but not rotated. Second, grid cells fire faster when the animal is walking or running in a direction which corresponds to "along the lines" of their brain's internal grid - especially when the movement is rapid.

So, if our brains do contain grid cells, our entorhinal cortex should be more active overall when we're moving along the lines of our grids, as opposed to across them. Bearing in mind that there are three axes, and that you could move either "forward" or "backward" along each one, that makes 6 directions, so the grid cell theory predicts that entorhinal cortex activity should correlate with direction of motion with "6-way directional symmetry", like this:

Doeller et al used fMRI to measure neural activity while 42 volunteers "walked" around a computer-generated landscape on a screen, and looked for areas where activity had the pattern above. Lo and behold, the entorhinal cortex did indeed show this pattern of activity in most volunteers. As a control, they looked for areas showing 4, 5, 7 or 8- fold directional symmetry, and didn't find any.

Doeller et al point out that they haven't directly proven the existence of grid cells in humans - in theory, these results could also indicate the presence of another type of cell which encodes direction with 6-way directional symmetry. But this is a great piece of research, and a nice example of using neuroimaging to test neurobiological theories, as opposed to just going hunting for blobs of activation without knowing what to look for, which I've criticized before.

Doeller, C., Barry, C., & Burgess, N. (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature08704

The Grid in Your Head

According to a lovely new Nature paper combining fMRI imaging with animal experiments, the human brain encodes spatial information in the form of of a hexagonal grid - Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network.

If you've ever played Chinese checkers, you'll know what a hex grid is. It's already known that in rats, the entorhinal cortex of the brain contains "grid cells", each of which fires according to where in a certain place the rat is. The diagram above left shows how one example grid cell fires more often when the rat is in certain places in a 1m x 1m box.

Doeller et al wanted to test whether grid cells exist in humans, but being unable to just stick electrodes in people's heads, they made use of two useful facts about rat grid cells. First, the orientation of the grid is fixed in all the cells in each particular rat, although each cell prefers different locations, i.e. the "grids" are offset, but not rotated. Second, grid cells fire faster when the animal is walking or running in a direction which corresponds to "along the lines" of their brain's internal grid - especially when the movement is rapid.

So, if our brains do contain grid cells, our entorhinal cortex should be more active overall when we're moving along the lines of our grids, as opposed to across them. Bearing in mind that there are three axes, and that you could move either "forward" or "backward" along each one, that makes 6 directions, so the grid cell theory predicts that entorhinal cortex activity should correlate with direction of motion with "6-way directional symmetry", like this:

Doeller et al used fMRI to measure neural activity while 42 volunteers "walked" around a computer-generated landscape on a screen, and looked for areas where activity had the pattern above. Lo and behold, the entorhinal cortex did indeed show this pattern of activity in most volunteers. As a control, they looked for areas showing 4, 5, 7 or 8- fold directional symmetry, and didn't find any.

Doeller et al point out that they haven't directly proven the existence of grid cells in humans - in theory, these results could also indicate the presence of another type of cell which encodes direction with 6-way directional symmetry. But this is a great piece of research, and a nice example of using neuroimaging to test neurobiological theories, as opposed to just going hunting for blobs of activation without knowing what to look for, which I've criticized before.

Doeller, C., Barry, C., & Burgess, N. (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature08704

O SONO!!!!

SIM, HOJE VOU FALAR UM POUQUINHO DELE. QUEM NÃO GOSTA DE DORMIR UM POUQUINHO MAIS? QUEM NÃO GOSTA DE TIRAR AQUELA SONEQUINHA A TARDE? POIS É EU GOSTO. SEMPRE QUE POSSO DURMO A TARDE. PRINCIPALMENTE NOS FINAIS DE SEMANA. MUITOS DIZEM QUE É DESPERDÍCIO DE TEMPO. MAS VEJA O QUE DIZ UM GRANDE AUTOR, MUITO CONHECIDO DE TODOS.

O DR. AUGUSTO CURY FALA O SEGUINTE:
"-O SONO É O ENCONTRO MAIS IMPORTANTE QUE TEMOS CONOSCO MESMO. É O PERÍODO EM QUE BILHÕES DE CÉLULAS RELAXAM PARA REORGANIZAR A ENERGIA PARA SUPORTAR AS ÁRDUAS BATALHAS DA SOBREVIVÊNCIA. DORMIR NÃO É PERDER TEMPO, MAS ACHAR O TEMPO." (LIVRO- 12 SEMANAS PARA MUDAR UMA VIDA)

ENTÃO, NÃO VOU MAIS ME SENTIR CULPADA E VOU CONTINUAR FAZENDO JUS AO MEU MOMENTO DO SONO. JÁ LI O LIVRO DO NUNO COBRA, QUE TAMBÉM FALA DA IMPORTÂNCIA DO SONO. NO LIVRO DELE, TEM UM CAPITULO, QUE FALA SÓ SOBRE A IMPORTÂNCIA DO SONO. SEMPRE QUE TIVER UM TEMPINHO DISPONÍVEL, MARQUE ESTE ENCONTRO COM VOCÊ MESMO E REPONHA AS ENERGIAS.

EU SEMPRE DIGO, O SONO É O NOSSO GRANDE ALIADO, PARA MANTER A BELEZA DA PELE. OLHA, ACHO QUE ESTOU COM A RAZÃO...

BOM SONO E DESCANSO PARA VOCÊ!

ESTA LEITURA JÁ FAZEM PARTE DO PROGETO DE LER DOZE LIVROS NO ANO. ESTE JÁ É O MEU SEGUNDO.

Quer saber um pouquinho mais, veja:

Projeto 12 Livros em 12 Meses

Clique na imagem para saber mais sobre esse projeto de incentivo à leitura. E participe!!!

VOCÊ QUE ESTÁ VINDO PELA PRIMEIRA VEZ, VENHA CONHECER...
FICA O CONVITE PAR SER MEU SEGUIDOR NESSES CANTINHOS MARAVILHOSOS, QUE FALAM DE AMOR....

Poetas-Um Vôo Livre(AMOR)

Sinal de Liberdade-uma expressão de sentimento(AMOR)

Blog Coletivo-Uma Interação de Amigos(CONVERSAS)

Meus Mimos

( PRESENTES -QUE RECEBO E OFEREÇO))

NESTA MANHÃ LINDA DE SOL!!!

FAZIA TEMPO QUE O SOL, NÃO APARECIA ASSIM, TÃO LINDO E CHEIO DE GRAÇA. MAS HOJE ELE VEIO. VEIO TRAZENDO A ALEGRIA E A BELEZA. ESPANTOU A CHUVA... OS PASSAREDO, ESTÃM TODOS FELIZES A CANTAR... A VIDA FICA MUITO MAIS BELA, COM A PRESENÇA DELE. OBRIGADA SENHOR PELO SOL... PELA VIDA... POR TUDO...

"O SENHOR É A MINHA LUZ. DEUS É A MINHA PROTEÇÃO. EU SÓ ENCONTRO A PAZ E A ALEGRIA, BEM PERTO DE TI. NO COLO DE DEUS, ME SEINTO PROTEGIDO. SENHOR ME ABENÇÕE. O SENHOR É O MEU PASTOR, QUE ME CONDUZ, A FELICIDADE. TODO BEM HÃO DE SEGUIR-ME".

UM LINDO DIA PARA TODOS.
COM MUITO CARINHO,
SANDRA
Estes lindos cartões vieram do Blog Coisinhas do Aconchego para dividir com vocês.

NÃO DEIXE DE PEGAR O SEU PRÊMIO.
PASSE LÁ Meus Mimos!

SOMOS ÁRVORES....Blog Coletivo-Uma Interação de Amigos

ESTAMOS EM FESTA!!! aqui.Poetas-Um Vôo Livre

SEJA MAIS UM SEGUIDOR E LEVE O SELO..
Sinal de Liberdade-uma expressão de Sentimento

A "Severe" Warning for Psychiatry

Imagine there was a nasty disease that affected 1 in 100 people. And imagine that someone invented a drug which treated it reasonably well. Good work, surely.

Now imagine that, for some reason, people decided that 10% of the population need to be taking this drug, instead of 1%. So sales of the drug sky-rocket. Eventually some clever person comes along and asks "This is one of the biggest selling drugs in the world - but does it work?" They look into it, and find that it doesn't work very well at all. For about 9 out of 10 people, it's completely useless! What a crap drug.

Of course the drug hasn't changed, and what's crap was the decision to prescribe it to so many people.

*

Back to reality. According to accepted DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, close to 50% of people suffer from a mental illness at some point; a large fraction of this being depression. 10% of Americans took antidepressants last year according to the best estimates.

Guess what? Clever people have started asking "Antidepressants are amongst the biggest selling drugs in the world - but do they work?" And their answer is - not very well. The latest such claim came from Fournier et al and appeared in JAMA a couple of weeks ago: Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity.

These researchers re-analysed the data from six clinical trials testing antidepressants against placebo pills. The drugs were the tricyclic imipramine and the newer SSRI paroxetine. The total sample size was a respectable 718, and most trials lasted 8 weeks, which is longer than average for this kind of study. Here's what they found -

Grey circles are people on antidepressants, white circles people on placebo. What this shows is that the more severe the patient's depression, the more they get better - when they're given either drugs or placebos. However, because the improvement on antidepressants rises more steeply, the benefit of antidepressants versus placebos correlates with severity. The thin blue line marks the minimum severity for which the average effect of the drugs over placebo was "clinically significant" according to NICE criteria (although these are arbitrary).

*

So, this study says that antidepressants work better in more severe depression. This is not a new claim - Kirsch et al (2008) famously found the same thing, and long before that so did Khan et al (2002). However this new analysis has some advantages over previous ones. First, Fournier et al looked at what happened to each patient individually, whereas the previous studies found that in trials where the patients were more severely depressed, on average, antidepressants worked better.

Second, the patients in this analysis spanned a wide range of severity scores, from 10 points on the Hamilton Scale to nearly 40. In Kirsch et al almost all the trials had average severities in the narrow range of 22 to 29. Finally, none of the trials in the new paper used a placebo run-in period. These are meant to exclude people from the trial if they improve "too well" during an initial week or so of placebo pills. In theory, they bias trials against finding large placebo effects; it's not clear they actually work, but either way, it's good to know it wasn't a factor.

*

Overall, the evidence all seems to point to the idea that people with more serious clinical depression respond better to antidepressants vs. placebos in clinical trials. The exact details are debatable, there's the issue of whether antidepressant clinical trials are realistic, and the question of how clinically effective antidepressants are is also controversial, but I'm not aware of any studies which have contradicted this central claim.

But when you start to think about it, this is a very odd result. Fournier et al say that

The general pattern of results reported in this work is not surprising. As early as the 1950s, researchers conducting controlled investigations of treatments for a wide variety of medical and psychiatric conditions described a phenomenon whereby patients with higher levels of severity showed greater differential (i.e., specific) benefit from the active treatments.

and refer to a couple of papers from the 1960s. But I must admit that I do find this very surprising. We don't wait until someone's nearly dead from a bacterial infection before we give them antibiotics, we give them early, when the disease is still mild. Doctors unfortunately don't tell people "Good news! You've got advanced-stage cancer - just the kind where drugs work best." Why is depression so different?

Look a little closer, and a possible answer emerges. Severity, in all of these studies, was measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). The HAMD has 17 items, and each asks whether you're suffering from certain symptoms; the more symptoms you have, and the more pronounced they are, the higher your total score. You get 1 point if you have "occasional difficulty falling asleep", 2 points for "nightly difficulty falling asleep", 4 points for "Hand wringing, nail biting, hair-pulling, biting of lips". Here's the whole thing.

The HAMD was designed in 1960 by a psychiatrist, Max Hamilton, and it was originally intended for use by staff at psychiatric hospitals for use on depressed inpatients. So it's not a measure of severity per se: it's a measure of how well your symptoms match those considered to be characteristic of severe depression in 1960.

Psychiatry's concept of depression - not to mention the wider culture's - has changed greatly since then. 1960 was a full 20 years before the DSM-III criteria of depression were published, which form the basis for today's DSM-IV criteria. A quick comparison of the DSM-IV alongside the HAMD reveals a lot of differences. It's quite possible to meet DSM-IV criteria for "Major Depressive Disorder" yet score low on the HAMD.

Which brings us back to the imaginary scenario at the start of this post. My personal interpretation of results like those of Fournier et al is this: antidepressants treat classical clinical depression, of the kind that psychiatrists in 1960 would have recognized. This is the kind of depression that they were originally used for, after all, because the first antidepressants arrived in 1953, and modern antidepressants like Prozac target the same neurotransmitter systems.

Yet in recent years "clinical depression" has become a much broader term. Many people attribute this to marketing on the part of pharmaceutical companies. Whatever the cause, it's almost certain that many people are now being prescribed antidepressants for emotional and personal issues which wouldn't have been considered medical illnesses until quite recently. (Antidepressants also have a long history of use for other conditions, like OCD, but this is a separate issue.)

My imaginary story used made up numbers: I'm not saying that only 10% of the people on antidepressants have "classic" depression. I don't know what the % is. But apart from that, in my opinion (and I don't think I'm alone), it's far from fantasy.

Fournier, J., DeRubeis, R., Hollon, S., Dimidjian, S., Amsterdam, J., Shelton, R., & Fawcett, J. (2010). Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity: A Patient-Level Meta-analysis JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 303 (1), 47-53 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1943