Rumors About Kamen Rider Climax Heroes Fourze(Wii) -Update New Rumors

Just hear rumors abouut it dont know if it could exist like climax heroes W and OOO. Climax Heroes Fourze to be said same platform as climax heroes OOO and before. Like the main character form climax heroes OOO will be Fourze. More rumors says that Climax Heroes Fourze has OOO Tajadoru , OOO PuToTyra, OOO Burakawani and Birth. Mostly they said rider from showa era will be playable for this game.Like be seen in Battle Ganbaride has showa era rider to be play. Maybe the game will be make after the succes of Super Sentai Wii game.

4/9/2011- SUNDAY


Based on new in Japan Playstation Magazine, climax heroes Fourze will have OOO PuToTyra and OOO TaJaDoRu.




Base on the magazine, the upcoming game platform is only PSP and Wii.


Confirm Showa Era rider available
- Ichigo
- Nigo
- V3
- Amazon
- Black
- Black RX + BioRider
- Shadowmoon


Maybe they will use the same model from Battle Ganbaride.
See these picture

Some gameplay

Fourze

On Antipsychiatry

So leading US psychiatrist Stephen Stahl is annoyed at Daniel Carlat (of the The Carlat Psychiatry Blog and many other publications.)

After first surveying the current outlook for the development of new psychiatric drugs - not good, with many companies pulling out - Stahl laments:

Undoubtedly this is to the great delight of the anti-psychiatry community, lights up the antipsychiatry blogs (e.g., Carlat, http://carlatpsychiatry.blogspot.com/), who attract the Pharmascolds, scientologists and antimedication crowd who believe either there is no such thing as mental illness, that medication should not be used, or both.



Did you know that psychiatric illnesses are pure inventions of Pharma and their experts to treat patients that do not exist with drugs that are dangerous and do not work with the purpose only of profiting themselves? Stop the profits! Make mental illness go away by legislation and committee!

Stahl ends with the warning: Be careful what you ask for. You might just get it - "it" being an end to drug development in psychiatry.



Well, I would say the same to him.



Stahl paints opponents of modern pharmaceutical industry behaviour as "antipsychiatrists". They're not. Well, he only names one of them, Daniel Carlat, and he's certainly not. Carlat edits the Carlat Psychiatry Report. Let's take a look at the latest issue:



Benzodiazepines: A Guide to Safe Prescribing - discusses benzodiazepines, including a helpful table of their doses and half-lives. Useful to someone planning to prescribe these drugs, that is, which not many anti-psychiatrists would. Says that "They work quickly and effectively for anxiety and agitation...In most cases benzodiazepines have a benign side-effect profile..." Hardly likely to please the antimedication crowd.



Update on Medications for PTSD - including a review of trials of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and more exotic drugs. Says that psychotherapy is the key to treating PTSD, but that medication can be helpful: "Getting some comfort from meds can often enable a patient to more easily face" the hard task of therapy. Not enormously pro-medication, but very far from being anti.

Combined Antidepressants No More Effective Than Monotherapy - discusses a recent study finding that starting depressed patients on a combo of two antidepressants offers no benefits over just one drug. So, the piece concludes, "We recommend never using antidepressants, and banning them all forever"... no wait, that's what it would have said if Stahl were right. It actually said "we recommend...starting with a single antidepressant". Not none.



Overall Carlat is, as far as I can see, really pretty moderate. Yes, he's been critical of certain drugs, of Pharma-influenced psychiatrists and the culture of giving doctors freebies to promote products. Nonetheless, he believes that mental illness exists, and he thinks that medication can be useful in treating it.



Maybe Stahl's right and Carlat leads a secret double life as a Scientologist. Maybe he is the reincarnation of R. D. Laing, or Thomas Szasz in a rubber mask. If not, though, branding him an antipsychiatrist shows that Stahl is unclear on what "psychiatry" is.



Psychiatry means the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Carlat, and indeed many other like-minded critics, are trying to improve that process by encouraging correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.



When Carlat criticizes, say, the psychiatry textbook that turned out to have been written with "help" from a drug company, he's doing, I assume, because, as a psychiatrist who cares about psychiatry, he doesn't like seeing his field corrupted by propaganda.



This is why Stahl should heed his own warning: Be careful what you ask for.



Because Stahl seems to be asking for all the opponents of the excesses of the modern pharmaceutical industry to be opponents of psychiatry itself. At the moment, they're not. There are many, psychiatrists and others, who are trying to improve psychiatry, by protecting it from what they see as negative influences.



Maybe they're wrong about which influences are negative, maybe Pharma has had a more positive impact than they think, but even if they're wrong, they're not anti-psychiatry, they're pro-psychiatry.



However, if Stahl succeeds in painting all of these people as outside the psychiatric mainstream, he might find that psychiatry, stripped of such voices of sanity, turns into something so crazy that true antipsychiatry becomes the only reasonable option.

On Antipsychiatry

So leading US psychiatrist Stephen Stahl is annoyed at Daniel Carlat (of the The Carlat Psychiatry Blog and many other publications.)

After first surveying the current outlook for the development of new psychiatric drugs - not good, with many companies pulling out - Stahl laments:

Undoubtedly this is to the great delight of the anti-psychiatry community, lights up the antipsychiatry blogs (e.g., Carlat, http://carlatpsychiatry.blogspot.com/), who attract the Pharmascolds, scientologists and antimedication crowd who believe either there is no such thing as mental illness, that medication should not be used, or both.



Did you know that psychiatric illnesses are pure inventions of Pharma and their experts to treat patients that do not exist with drugs that are dangerous and do not work with the purpose only of profiting themselves? Stop the profits! Make mental illness go away by legislation and committee!

Stahl ends with the warning: Be careful what you ask for. You might just get it - "it" being an end to drug development in psychiatry.



Well, I would say the same to him.



Stahl paints opponents of modern pharmaceutical industry behaviour as "antipsychiatrists". They're not. Well, he only names one of them, Daniel Carlat, and he's certainly not. Carlat edits the Carlat Psychiatry Report. Let's take a look at the latest issue:



Benzodiazepines: A Guide to Safe Prescribing - discusses benzodiazepines, including a helpful table of their doses and half-lives. Useful to someone planning to prescribe these drugs, that is, which not many anti-psychiatrists would. Says that "They work quickly and effectively for anxiety and agitation...In most cases benzodiazepines have a benign side-effect profile..." Hardly likely to please the antimedication crowd.



Update on Medications for PTSD - including a review of trials of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and more exotic drugs. Says that psychotherapy is the key to treating PTSD, but that medication can be helpful: "Getting some comfort from meds can often enable a patient to more easily face" the hard task of therapy. Not enormously pro-medication, but very far from being anti.

Combined Antidepressants No More Effective Than Monotherapy - discusses a recent study finding that starting depressed patients on a combo of two antidepressants offers no benefits over just one drug. So, the piece concludes, "We recommend never using antidepressants, and banning them all forever"... no wait, that's what it would have said if Stahl were right. It actually said "we recommend...starting with a single antidepressant". Not none.



Overall Carlat is, as far as I can see, really pretty moderate. Yes, he's been critical of certain drugs, of Pharma-influenced psychiatrists and the culture of giving doctors freebies to promote products. Nonetheless, he believes that mental illness exists, and he thinks that medication can be useful in treating it.



Maybe Stahl's right and Carlat leads a secret double life as a Scientologist. Maybe he is the reincarnation of R. D. Laing, or Thomas Szasz in a rubber mask. If not, though, branding him an antipsychiatrist shows that Stahl is unclear on what "psychiatry" is.



Psychiatry means the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Carlat, and indeed many other like-minded critics, are trying to improve that process by encouraging correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.



When Carlat criticizes, say, the psychiatry textbook that turned out to have been written with "help" from a drug company, he's doing, I assume, because, as a psychiatrist who cares about psychiatry, he doesn't like seeing his field corrupted by propaganda.



This is why Stahl should heed his own warning: Be careful what you ask for.



Because Stahl seems to be asking for all the opponents of the excesses of the modern pharmaceutical industry to be opponents of psychiatry itself. At the moment, they're not. There are many, psychiatrists and others, who are trying to improve psychiatry, by protecting it from what they see as negative influences.



Maybe they're wrong about which influences are negative, maybe Pharma has had a more positive impact than they think, but even if they're wrong, they're not anti-psychiatry, they're pro-psychiatry.



However, if Stahl succeeds in painting all of these people as outside the psychiatric mainstream, he might find that psychiatry, stripped of such voices of sanity, turns into something so crazy that true antipsychiatry becomes the only reasonable option.

Offline Until This Friday

I will offline untill this friday. So you guys does not need to update or check my blog for new thing.
Any message or question send an e-mail or leave message at the chat box.

Confused

What is confusion?





According to Collins English Dictionary, the main meaning of the word "confused" is:

confused [kənˈfjuːzd] adj

1. feeling or exhibiting an inability to understand; bewildered; perplexed

That sounds about right. But hang on. Isn't there something odd about this: "feeling or exhibiting an inability to understand..."?



Those are two completely different things. Sometimes people exhibit a lack of understanding and don't feel it - they think they understand, but actually they don't. Indeed, that's the worst kind of confusion, because it leads to people making mistakes based on wrong assumptions. Whereas feeling confused is much less of a problem. If you know you're confused, you won't go around acting as if you're not.



The feeling of confusion happens when you've just avoided being confused, or just come out of it. Confusion is a feeling, and also, a status, and the two are not just separate but (to some extent) mutually exclusive. If you feel confused, you can't actually be seriously confused.



Yet we use the same word for both, and the dictionary treats them both as being not just the same but part of the same definition. Confusing.



Or take being drunk. "Drunk" is a feeling, certainly. It's also a state, and they only sometimes go together. You can be drunker than you feel, with hilarious or tragic consequences. Everyone knows that you can't trust a drunken person to know how drunk they are.



Consider "depression". Depression is a feeling. No question about that. We've all felt at least a little depressed. Depression is also a state, that certain people go into as a result of mental illness, physical illness or as a side effect of certain drugs.



But the state of depression is no more equivalent to the feeling of depression than being confused means feeling confused. In my experience of depression, feeling depressed is a sign that I'm only slightly depressed. When I'm really depressed, I don't think I'm depressed at all.



This is one of the most insidious things about depression: it 'creeps up on you'. Over a period of time - usually several days, in my case, but it can be much longer or shorter - your mind changes.



You stop noticing opportunities, and become obsessed with risks. Your ability to take decisions and come up with ideas withers and your imagination fails you. Your thoughts get stuck in loops. You feel weary doing the things you used to enjoy and angry around people you used to like.



In other words, your mind changes. Your memory, thinking and perceptions are all altered - but you don't notice that. You notice the effects, of course, but you think they're outside: you think the world has suddenly become less friendly. A classic case of confusion, in the worst sense.

Confused

What is confusion?





According to Collins English Dictionary, the main meaning of the word "confused" is:

confused [kənˈfjuːzd] adj

1. feeling or exhibiting an inability to understand; bewildered; perplexed

That sounds about right. But hang on. Isn't there something odd about this: "feeling or exhibiting an inability to understand..."?



Those are two completely different things. Sometimes people exhibit a lack of understanding and don't feel it - they think they understand, but actually they don't. Indeed, that's the worst kind of confusion, because it leads to people making mistakes based on wrong assumptions. Whereas feeling confused is much less of a problem. If you know you're confused, you won't go around acting as if you're not.



The feeling of confusion happens when you've just avoided being confused, or just come out of it. Confusion is a feeling, and also, a status, and the two are not just separate but (to some extent) mutually exclusive. If you feel confused, you can't actually be seriously confused.



Yet we use the same word for both, and the dictionary treats them both as being not just the same but part of the same definition. Confusing.



Or take being drunk. "Drunk" is a feeling, certainly. It's also a state, and they only sometimes go together. You can be drunker than you feel, with hilarious or tragic consequences. Everyone knows that you can't trust a drunken person to know how drunk they are.



Consider "depression". Depression is a feeling. No question about that. We've all felt at least a little depressed. Depression is also a state, that certain people go into as a result of mental illness, physical illness or as a side effect of certain drugs.



But the state of depression is no more equivalent to the feeling of depression than being confused means feeling confused. In my experience of depression, feeling depressed is a sign that I'm only slightly depressed. When I'm really depressed, I don't think I'm depressed at all.



This is one of the most insidious things about depression: it 'creeps up on you'. Over a period of time - usually several days, in my case, but it can be much longer or shorter - your mind changes.



You stop noticing opportunities, and become obsessed with risks. Your ability to take decisions and come up with ideas withers and your imagination fails you. Your thoughts get stuck in loops. You feel weary doing the things you used to enjoy and angry around people you used to like.



In other words, your mind changes. Your memory, thinking and perceptions are all altered - but you don't notice that. You notice the effects, of course, but you think they're outside: you think the world has suddenly become less friendly. A classic case of confusion, in the worst sense.

Kamen Rider Ryuki Blank Form (RELEASED)

Kamen Rider Ryuki Blank Form
Retexture from yuniwii ryuki mod

Download : http://100nadzmi.opendrive.com/files/43020485_GBRFi_eb6b/Ryuki%20Blank%20Form.rar

New Mutations - New Eugenics?

True or false: you inherit your genes from your parents.





Mostly true, but not quite. In theory, you do indeed get half of your DNA from your mother and half from your father; but in practice, there's sometimes a third parent as well, random chance. Genes don't always get transmitted as they should: mutations occur.



As a result, it's not true that "genetic" always implies "inherited". A disease, for example, could be entirely genetic, and almost never inherited. Down's syndrome is the textbook example, but it's something of a special case and until recently, it was widely assumed that most disease risk genes were inherited.



Yet recent evidence suggests that many cases of neurological and psychiatric disorders are caused by uninherited, de novo mutation events. Here are two papers from the last few weeks about schizophrenia(1,2) - but the story looks similar for autism, intellectual disabilities, some forms of epilepsy, ADHD, and others. Indeed they're often the same mutations.



Biologically, a given mutation is what it is, whether it's de novo or inherited. But on a social and a psychological level, I think there are crucial differences, and in particular I think that if it turns out that de novo mutations are important in disease, we're going to see attempts to take these variants out of circulation - far more so than in the case of the very same genes, were they inherited.



The old eugenics movement was based on the idea that if we stop people with bad genes from breeding - by sterilization, voluntary or otherwise, say - we'll be able to eliminate diseases and other undesirable traits. This idea is now generally regarded as extremely unethical, but many of its opponents have shared with the eugenicists the belief that it could work.



But if de novo mutations are what cause the majority of disease, then this approach would be pointless. Sterilizing certain people, or encouraging the healthy ones to have more children, would never be able to eliminate the 'bad genes' because new ones are being created every generation, pretty much at random.



So the de novo paradigm ought to be welcomed by opponents of eugenics. It wasn't just morally wrong - it was biologically misguided too.



But hang on. This is the 21st century. We have in vitro fertilization (IVF), and you can analyze the genes of an IVF embryo before you decide to make it into a child. In the near future, we might be able to routinely sequence the genome of any unborn child shortly after conception.



From there, it would be a small step to allowing parents to decide not to have children with de novo mutations.



This would be, in its effects, a form of eugenics - in the sense that it would produce the effect that the old eugenicists wanted. No more 'bad' genes, or not nearly as many. Opinions will differ as to whether it's morally different. But I would have said that politically, it's a lot more likely to happen.



I can't see forced sterilization returning any time soon. But if you were expecting a baby and you knew that it was not just carrying your and your partner's DNA, but had also suffered a mutation - might you not want to avoid that?



Psychologically, it matters that it did not inherit the gene. It would be a big step to decide that your child should not inherit one of your own genes. Of course, some genes are obviously harmful, like one that raises the risk of cancer, but think about the grey areas - a gene for social anxiety, mild autistic symptoms, obesity, a personality trait.



You might well feel that carrying that gene is what makes you, you; and so it would be natural for your child to have it. You might decide that if it was good enough for you (and all your ancestors), it's good enough for your children. You might well resent the very idea that it's a 'bad' gene at all, as an attack on your own self-worth.



But none of that applies if it's a de novo mutation. Indeed, quite the opposite - all those same considerations would probably lead you to want your children to carry as close as possible to a carbon copy of your DNA, with no random changes. It was good enough for you.



My point is that I think there will be much more support for the idea of genetic screening against de novo mutations than against inherited genes. More people will want it, it will be more socially acceptable, and more widely used. I'm not saying this would be a good or a bad thing, just making a prediction. In the future, diseases and traits that are primarily caused by de novo mutations will increasingly selected against.

New Mutations - New Eugenics?

True or false: you inherit your genes from your parents.





Mostly true, but not quite. In theory, you do indeed get half of your DNA from your mother and half from your father; but in practice, there's sometimes a third parent as well, random chance. Genes don't always get transmitted as they should: mutations occur.



As a result, it's not true that "genetic" always implies "inherited". A disease, for example, could be entirely genetic, and almost never inherited. Down's syndrome is the textbook example, but it's something of a special case and until recently, it was widely assumed that most disease risk genes were inherited.



Yet recent evidence suggests that many cases of neurological and psychiatric disorders are caused by uninherited, de novo mutation events. Here are two papers from the last few weeks about schizophrenia(1,2) - but the story looks similar for autism, intellectual disabilities, some forms of epilepsy, ADHD, and others. Indeed they're often the same mutations.



Biologically, a given mutation is what it is, whether it's de novo or inherited. But on a social and a psychological level, I think there are crucial differences, and in particular I think that if it turns out that de novo mutations are important in disease, we're going to see attempts to take these variants out of circulation - far more so than in the case of the very same genes, were they inherited.



The old eugenics movement was based on the idea that if we stop people with bad genes from breeding - by sterilization, voluntary or otherwise, say - we'll be able to eliminate diseases and other undesirable traits. This idea is now generally regarded as extremely unethical, but many of its opponents have shared with the eugenicists the belief that it could work.



But if de novo mutations are what cause the majority of disease, then this approach would be pointless. Sterilizing certain people, or encouraging the healthy ones to have more children, would never be able to eliminate the 'bad genes' because new ones are being created every generation, pretty much at random.



So the de novo paradigm ought to be welcomed by opponents of eugenics. It wasn't just morally wrong - it was biologically misguided too.



But hang on. This is the 21st century. We have in vitro fertilization (IVF), and you can analyze the genes of an IVF embryo before you decide to make it into a child. In the near future, we might be able to routinely sequence the genome of any unborn child shortly after conception.



From there, it would be a small step to allowing parents to decide not to have children with de novo mutations.



This would be, in its effects, a form of eugenics - in the sense that it would produce the effect that the old eugenicists wanted. No more 'bad' genes, or not nearly as many. Opinions will differ as to whether it's morally different. But I would have said that politically, it's a lot more likely to happen.



I can't see forced sterilization returning any time soon. But if you were expecting a baby and you knew that it was not just carrying your and your partner's DNA, but had also suffered a mutation - might you not want to avoid that?



Psychologically, it matters that it did not inherit the gene. It would be a big step to decide that your child should not inherit one of your own genes. Of course, some genes are obviously harmful, like one that raises the risk of cancer, but think about the grey areas - a gene for social anxiety, mild autistic symptoms, obesity, a personality trait.



You might well feel that carrying that gene is what makes you, you; and so it would be natural for your child to have it. You might decide that if it was good enough for you (and all your ancestors), it's good enough for your children. You might well resent the very idea that it's a 'bad' gene at all, as an attack on your own self-worth.



But none of that applies if it's a de novo mutation. Indeed, quite the opposite - all those same considerations would probably lead you to want your children to carry as close as possible to a carbon copy of your DNA, with no random changes. It was good enough for you.



My point is that I think there will be much more support for the idea of genetic screening against de novo mutations than against inherited genes. More people will want it, it will be more socially acceptable, and more widely used. I'm not saying this would be a good or a bad thing, just making a prediction. In the future, diseases and traits that are primarily caused by de novo mutations will increasingly selected against.

Kamen Rider Decade Complete Form (All Ultimate)

Edit texture

Just import this image into the txd.

Kamen Rider Kuuga Growing Form (RELEASE)

Kuuga Growing Form

Kamen Rider Kuuga Growing Form 

Modified from kuuga mighty form(yuniwii)

So no links here !!

Need to ask yuniwii permission for the mod to show my sincerity.Hehe!!

This kuuga comes in two eye which one is red and another is gold.

Later On!!

Release: 25/8/2011
Link Download : http://100nadzmi.opendrive.com/files/42555358_fbbqm_28c6/Growing%20form.rar


You can edit the eye yourself

Is Sleep Brain Defragmentation?

After a period of heavy use, hard disks tend to get 'fragmented'. Data gets written all over random parts of the disk, and it gets inefficient to keep track of it all.





That's why you need to run a defragmentation program occasionally. Ideally, you do this overnight, while you're asleep, so it doesn't stop you from using the computer.



A new paper from some Stanford neuroscientists argues that the function of sleep is to reorganize neural connections - a bit like a disk defrag for the brain - although it's also a bit like compressing files to make more room, and a bit like a system reset: Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease



The basic idea is simple. While you're awake, you're having experiences, and your brain is forming memories. Memory formation involves a process called long-term potentiation (LTP) which is essentially the strengthening of synaptic connections between nerve cells.



Yet if LTP is strengthening synapses, and we're learning all our lives, wouldn't the synapses eventually hit a limit? Couldn't they max out, so that they could never get any stronger?



Worse, the synapses that strengthen during memory are primarily glutamate synapses - and these are dangerous. Glutamate is a common neurotransmitter, and it's even a flavouring, but it's also a toxin.



Too much glutamate damages the very cells that receive the messages. Rather like how sound is useful for communication, but stand next to a pneumatic drill for an hour, and you'll go deaf.



So, if our brains were constantly forming stronger glutamate synapses, we might eventually run into serious problems. This is why we sleep, according to the new paper. Indeed, sleep deprivation is harmful to health, and this theory would explain why.





The authors argue that during deep, dreamless slow-wave sleep (SWS), the brain is essentially removing the "extra" synaptic strength formed during the previous day. But it does so in a way that preserves the memories. A bit like how defragmentation reorganizes the hard disk to increase efficiency, without losing data.



One possible mechanism is 'synaptic scaling'. When some of the inputs onto a given cell become stronger, all of the synapses on that cell could weaken. This would preserve the relative strength of the different inputs while keeping the total inputs constant. It's known that synaptic scaling happens in the brain, although it's not clear whether it has anything to do with sleep.



There are other theories of the restorative function of sleep, but this one seems pretty plausible. It stands in contrast to the idea that sleep is purely a form of inactivity designed to save energy, rather than being important in itself.



What this paper doesn't explain, and doesn't try to, is dreaming, REM sleep, which is very different to slow-wave sleep. REM is not required for life, so long as you get SWS, and some animals don't have REM, but they all have SWS, although in some animals, only one side of the brain has it at a time.



So it makes sense, but what's the evidence? There's quite a bit - but, it all comes from very simple animals, like flies and fish.



The pictures above show that, in various parts of the brain of the fruit fly, measures of synaptic strength are increased in flies that have been awake for some time, compared to recently rested ones. In general, synapses increase during the wake cycle and then return to baseline during sleep.



There's similar evidence from fish. But the authors admit that no-one has yet shown that the same is true of any mammals - let alone humans.



I'd say that this is important, because the fly brain is literally a million times smaller than ours. Synaptic overgrowth could be a more serious problem for a fly because they just have fewer neurons to play with. Sleep may have evolved to prune extra connections in primitive brains, and then shifted to playing a very different role in ours.



Wang G, Grone B, Colas D, Appelbaum L, & Mourrain P (2011). Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease. Trends in Neurosciences PMID: 21840068

Is Sleep Brain Defragmentation?

After a period of heavy use, hard disks tend to get 'fragmented'. Data gets written all over random parts of the disk, and it gets inefficient to keep track of it all.





That's why you need to run a defragmentation program occasionally. Ideally, you do this overnight, while you're asleep, so it doesn't stop you from using the computer.



A new paper from some Stanford neuroscientists argues that the function of sleep is to reorganize neural connections - a bit like a disk defrag for the brain - although it's also a bit like compressing files to make more room, and a bit like a system reset: Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease



The basic idea is simple. While you're awake, you're having experiences, and your brain is forming memories. Memory formation involves a process called long-term potentiation (LTP) which is essentially the strengthening of synaptic connections between nerve cells.



Yet if LTP is strengthening synapses, and we're learning all our lives, wouldn't the synapses eventually hit a limit? Couldn't they max out, so that they could never get any stronger?



Worse, the synapses that strengthen during memory are primarily glutamate synapses - and these are dangerous. Glutamate is a common neurotransmitter, and it's even a flavouring, but it's also a toxin.



Too much glutamate damages the very cells that receive the messages. Rather like how sound is useful for communication, but stand next to a pneumatic drill for an hour, and you'll go deaf.



So, if our brains were constantly forming stronger glutamate synapses, we might eventually run into serious problems. This is why we sleep, according to the new paper. Indeed, sleep deprivation is harmful to health, and this theory would explain why.





The authors argue that during deep, dreamless slow-wave sleep (SWS), the brain is essentially removing the "extra" synaptic strength formed during the previous day. But it does so in a way that preserves the memories. A bit like how defragmentation reorganizes the hard disk to increase efficiency, without losing data.



One possible mechanism is 'synaptic scaling'. When some of the inputs onto a given cell become stronger, all of the synapses on that cell could weaken. This would preserve the relative strength of the different inputs while keeping the total inputs constant. It's known that synaptic scaling happens in the brain, although it's not clear whether it has anything to do with sleep.



There are other theories of the restorative function of sleep, but this one seems pretty plausible. It stands in contrast to the idea that sleep is purely a form of inactivity designed to save energy, rather than being important in itself.



What this paper doesn't explain, and doesn't try to, is dreaming, REM sleep, which is very different to slow-wave sleep. REM is not required for life, so long as you get SWS, and some animals don't have REM, but they all have SWS, although in some animals, only one side of the brain has it at a time.



So it makes sense, but what's the evidence? There's quite a bit - but, it all comes from very simple animals, like flies and fish.



The pictures above show that, in various parts of the brain of the fruit fly, measures of synaptic strength are increased in flies that have been awake for some time, compared to recently rested ones. In general, synapses increase during the wake cycle and then return to baseline during sleep.



There's similar evidence from fish. But the authors admit that no-one has yet shown that the same is true of any mammals - let alone humans.



I'd say that this is important, because the fly brain is literally a million times smaller than ours. Synaptic overgrowth could be a more serious problem for a fly because they just have fewer neurons to play with. Sleep may have evolved to prune extra connections in primitive brains, and then shifted to playing a very different role in ours.



Wang G, Grone B, Colas D, Appelbaum L, & Mourrain P (2011). Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease. Trends in Neurosciences PMID: 21840068

The Ethics of Forgetfulness Drugs

Drugs that could modify or erase memories could soon be possible. We shouldn't rush to judge them unethical, says a Nature opinion piece by Adam Kolber, of the Neuroethics & Law Blog.



The idea of a pill that could make you forget something, or that could modify the emotional charge of a past experience, does seem rather disturbing.



Yet experiments on animals have gone a long to revealing the molecular mechanisms behind the formation and maintanence of memory traces. Much of the early work focussed on dangerously toxic drugs but recently more targeted approaches have appeared.



Kolber argues that we should not shy away from research in this area or brand the whole idea unethical. Rather we should consider the costs and benefits on a case-by-case basis.

The fears about pharmaceutical memory manipulation are overblown. Thoughtful regulation may some day be appropriate but excessive hand-wringing now over the ethics of tampering with memory could stall research into preventing post-traumatic stress in millions of people. Delay could also hinder people who are already debilitated by harrowing memories from being offered the best hope yet of reclaiming their lives.

He says that

Given the close connection between memory and a sense of self, some bioethicists...worry that giving people too much power to alter their life stories could ultimately weaken their sense of identity and make their lives less genuine.



These arguments are not persuasive. Some memories, such as those of rescue workers who clean up scenes of mass destruction, may have no redeeming value. Drugs may speed up the healing process more effectively than counselling, arguably making patients more true to themselves than they would be if a traumatic experience were to dominate their lives.

This is a complex issue. I can see his point, although I'm not sure the rescue worker example is the best one. A rescue worker, at least a professional one, has chosen to do that kind of work. The experiences that are part of that job are ones they decided to have - or at least that they knew were a realistic possibility - and that may be an expression of their identity.



The argument is perhaps more convincing in the case of someone who, quite unexpectedly, suffers an out-of-the-blue trauma. In this case, the trauma has nothing to do with their lives; if it interferes with their ability to function, it might "stop them from being themselves".



Kolber ends by quoting a fascinating story from Time magazine in 2007, which I didn't catch at the time:

Take a scenario recounted by a US doctor in 2007 (ref. 9). The doctor had biopsied a suspected cancer patient and sent a tissue sample to a pathologist while the woman was still in the operating room. Thinking she was completely sedated, the pathologist announced a bleak prognosis over the intercom.



The patient, who had received only local anaesthesia, heard the news and began to shriek, “Oh my God. My kids!” An anaesthesiologist standing by quickly injected her with propofol, a sedative that causes some people to forget what happened a few minutes before they were injected.



When the woman woke up, she had no memory of hearing her prognosis.

Kolber A (2011). Neuroethics: Give memory-altering drugs a chance. Nature, 476 (7360), 275-6 PMID: 21850084

The Ethics of Forgetfulness Drugs

Drugs that could modify or erase memories could soon be possible. We shouldn't rush to judge them unethical, says a Nature opinion piece by Adam Kolber, of the Neuroethics & Law Blog.



The idea of a pill that could make you forget something, or that could modify the emotional charge of a past experience, does seem rather disturbing.



Yet experiments on animals have gone a long to revealing the molecular mechanisms behind the formation and maintanence of memory traces. Much of the early work focussed on dangerously toxic drugs but recently more targeted approaches have appeared.



Kolber argues that we should not shy away from research in this area or brand the whole idea unethical. Rather we should consider the costs and benefits on a case-by-case basis.

The fears about pharmaceutical memory manipulation are overblown. Thoughtful regulation may some day be appropriate but excessive hand-wringing now over the ethics of tampering with memory could stall research into preventing post-traumatic stress in millions of people. Delay could also hinder people who are already debilitated by harrowing memories from being offered the best hope yet of reclaiming their lives.

He says that

Given the close connection between memory and a sense of self, some bioethicists...worry that giving people too much power to alter their life stories could ultimately weaken their sense of identity and make their lives less genuine.



These arguments are not persuasive. Some memories, such as those of rescue workers who clean up scenes of mass destruction, may have no redeeming value. Drugs may speed up the healing process more effectively than counselling, arguably making patients more true to themselves than they would be if a traumatic experience were to dominate their lives.

This is a complex issue. I can see his point, although I'm not sure the rescue worker example is the best one. A rescue worker, at least a professional one, has chosen to do that kind of work. The experiences that are part of that job are ones they decided to have - or at least that they knew were a realistic possibility - and that may be an expression of their identity.



The argument is perhaps more convincing in the case of someone who, quite unexpectedly, suffers an out-of-the-blue trauma. In this case, the trauma has nothing to do with their lives; if it interferes with their ability to function, it might "stop them from being themselves".



Kolber ends by quoting a fascinating story from Time magazine in 2007, which I didn't catch at the time:

Take a scenario recounted by a US doctor in 2007 (ref. 9). The doctor had biopsied a suspected cancer patient and sent a tissue sample to a pathologist while the woman was still in the operating room. Thinking she was completely sedated, the pathologist announced a bleak prognosis over the intercom.



The patient, who had received only local anaesthesia, heard the news and began to shriek, “Oh my God. My kids!” An anaesthesiologist standing by quickly injected her with propofol, a sedative that causes some people to forget what happened a few minutes before they were injected.



When the woman woke up, she had no memory of hearing her prognosis.

Kolber A (2011). Neuroethics: Give memory-altering drugs a chance. Nature, 476 (7360), 275-6 PMID: 21850084

I need your opinion!!

Do you guys think i need to complete this mod or its a waste project and better be aborted.
I make this mode a long time ago, 5 week ago. Look like 50 % finished

DenLiner train for Gta SA mod

Den Liner

Author :100nadzmi
Rip from :KRCHOOO
Replace : Streak and Streakc
Link: Direct Link
Mirror : Mediafire
GtaGaming : Rate It Now

I have some Denliner sound and really fit with the train sound timing.Within 01 or 03 second. Just dont know which one is the train sound to be replaced. Someone please tell me.

Sound 1



Sound 2


Sound3





Some of my screenshot

sparent">

Pharmaceutical Company Threatens Blogger

Boiron, a multinational pharmaceutical company, have threatened an Italian blogger with legal action, the BMJ reports.



Many people are concerned when big pharmaceutical companies do this kind of thing. So I don't think we should make any exception merely because Boiron's pharmaceuticals happen to be homeopathic ones.



Samuel Riva, who blogs (in Italian) at blogzero.it, put up some articles critical of homeopathy

which included pictures of Boiron’s blockbuster homoeopathic product Oscillococcinum, marketed as a remedy against flu symptoms. The pictures were accompanied by captions, which joked about the total absence of any active molecules in homoeopathic preparations

Boiron wrote to Riva's internet provider threatening legal action, if the offending references to Boiron weren't taken down. They also wanted them to lock Riva out of his blog, the BMJ says. In response Riva removed the references to Boiron, including the pictures and captions, but kept the posts on homeopathy in general.



Hmmm.



Above you can see a new picture I made of a Boiron product, with some captions you may find interesting. I've made sure to limit these to quotes from Wikipedia, and from Boiron USA's own website, and some simple mathematical calculations.



Beyond that, I make no comment whatsoever.



Turone F (2011). Homoeopathy multinational Boiron threatens amateur Italian blogger. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 343 PMID: 21840920

Pharmaceutical Company Threatens Blogger

Boiron, a multinational pharmaceutical company, have threatened an Italian blogger with legal action, the BMJ reports.



Many people are concerned when big pharmaceutical companies do this kind of thing. So I don't think we should make any exception merely because Boiron's pharmaceuticals happen to be homeopathic ones.



Samuel Riva, who blogs (in Italian) at blogzero.it, put up some articles critical of homeopathy

which included pictures of Boiron’s blockbuster homoeopathic product Oscillococcinum, marketed as a remedy against flu symptoms. The pictures were accompanied by captions, which joked about the total absence of any active molecules in homoeopathic preparations

Boiron wrote to Riva's internet provider threatening legal action, if the offending references to Boiron weren't taken down. They also wanted them to lock Riva out of his blog, the BMJ says. In response Riva removed the references to Boiron, including the pictures and captions, but kept the posts on homeopathy in general.



Hmmm.



Above you can see a new picture I made of a Boiron product, with some captions you may find interesting. I've made sure to limit these to quotes from Wikipedia, and from Boiron USA's own website, and some simple mathematical calculations.



Beyond that, I make no comment whatsoever.



Turone F (2011). Homoeopathy multinational Boiron threatens amateur Italian blogger. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 343 PMID: 21840920

Jual Software dan aplikasi POS TOKO Full Version

Halo agan-agan , yang skalian yg mo buka usaha toko atau sekedar mencari aplikasi untuk tugas di kuliah dan membutuhkan Sistem Informasi Komputer yang berbasis aplikasi dekstop.

kini raja-dvd hadir untuk memberikan yang termudah bagi agan-agan semua

Kualitas di jamin gak kalah dengan program Toko yg mahal (bahkan sampai berharga jutaan rupiah)

Nah , sebelumnya ane juga pernah menjual Mega Source Code 160 aplikasi database siap pakai serupa tapi berbeda , karna aplikasi ini adalah aplikasi yang benar2 khusus untuk anda gunakan di toko anda dan anda bisa merubah source code nya.



Nah ini adalah screen shoot aplikasinya :

Nh , Brapa Harga yang harus dikeluarkan untuk mendapatkan aplikasi yang bagus ini ?

Cukup dengan



RP. 120.000

anda sudah bisa mendapatkan Aplikasi Toko ini !!



JIKA MINAT , LANGSUNG KIRIM SMS KE NOMOR:



083813680307

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